Advanced Normalization

After 3NF (Third Normal Form), all normalization problems involve only tables which have three or more columns and all the columns are keys. Many practitioners argue that placing entities in 3NF is generally sufficient because it is rare that entities that are in 3NF are not also in 4NF and 5NF. They further argue that the benefits gained from transforming entities into 4NF and 5NF are so slight that it is not worth the effort. However, advanced normal forms are presented because there are cases where they are required.

Boyce-Codd Normal Form

Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF) is a more rigorous version of the 3NF deal with relational tables that had (a) multiple candidate keys, (b) composite candidate keys, and (c) candidate keys that overlapped .

BCNF is based on the concept of determinants. A determinant column is one on which some of the columns are fully functionally dependent.

A relational table is in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate key.

Fourth Normal Form

A relational table is in the fourth normal form (4NF) if it is in BCNF and all multivalued dependencies are also functional dependencies.

Fourth normal form (4NF) is based on the concept of multivalued dependencies (MVD). A Multivalued dependency occurs when in a relational table containing at least three columns, one column has multiple rows whose values match a value of a single row of one of the other columns. A more formal definition given by Date is:

given a relational table R with columns A, B, and C then

R.A —>> R.B (column A multidetermines column B)

is true if and only if the set of B-values matching a given pair of A-values and C-values in R depends only on the A-value and is independent of the C-value.

MVD always occur in pairs. That is R.A —>> R.B holds if and only if R.A —>> R.C also holds.

Suppose that employees can be assigned to multiple projects. Also suppose that employees can have multiple job skills. If we record this information in a single table, all three attributes must be used as the key since no single attribute can uniquely identify an instance.

The relationship between emp# and prj# is a multivalued dependency because for each pair of emp#/skill values in the table, the associated set of prj# values is determined only by emp# and is independent of skill. The relationship between emp# and skill is also a multivalued dependency, since the set of Skill values for an emp#/prj# pair is always dependent upon emp# only.

To transform a table with multivalued dependencies into the 4NF move each MVD pair to a new table. The result is shown in Figure1.

Figure 1: Tables in 4NF

Fifth Normal Form

A table is in the fifth normal form (5NF) if it cannot have a lossless decomposition into any number of smaller tables.

While the first four normal forms are based on the concept of functional dependence, the fifth normal form is based on the concept of join dependence. Join dependency means that an table, after it has been decomposed into three or more smaller tables, must be capable of being joined again on common keys to form the original table. Stated another way, 5NF indicates when an entity cannot be further decomposed. 5NF is complex and not intuitive. Most experts agree that tables that are in the 4NF are also in 5NF except for "pathological" cases. Teorey suggests that true many-to-many-to-many ternary relations are one such case.

Adding an instance to an table that is not in 5NF creates spurious results when the tables are decomposed and then rejoined. For example, let's suppose that we have an employee who uses design skills on one project and programming skills on another. This information is shown below.

Assertion 1

• Employee 1211 has been assigned to Project 11.
• Project 11 requires programming skills.
• Therefore, Employee 1211 must use programming skills while assigned to Project 11.

Assertion 2

• Employee 1544 has been assigned to project 11.
• Project 11 needs Design skills.
• Therefore, Employee 1544 must use Design skills in Project 11.